Textual Variants between the Leningrad Codex B19a and Other Masoretic Sources in the <i>Léxico do Antigo Testamento Interlinear Hebraico-Português</i>. New Insights in the Hebrew Lexicography

Textual variants of the codex M^L in the LéxATI

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In this topic, 26 (out of a total of 134) entries selected from the LéxATI with textual variation from the Codex M^L are found. The lexemes are grouped by their nature of wording, followed by a brief description and observation regarding textual variation. The images in the Codex M^L are based on Zuckerman (2021)Zuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up.
(color images) and Freedman et al. (1998)Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
(black-and-white images) ¹⁴ Zuckerman 2021 (https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up); Freedman et al. 1998. .

In this topic, several situations of textual variants between the Codex M^L and other Masoretic sources are shown, and the possible reasons for the existence of such differences of a textual nature are commented on. In certain situations, the variations show idiosyncrasies of the Codex M^L in relation to the other sources of the Masorah, revealing how the process of production of the aforementioned medieval manuscript of the Hebrew Bible would have been. In some instances, supposed textual variants, recorded in Dotan’s list, may reveal that some diacritics were actually just smudges on the parchment of the Codex M^L, which could have generated confusion of reading and interpretation.

1. Absence of vowel/diacritic signal

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	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 380Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The diacritic signal dagesh forte is absent in the letter yôd in the masculine proper noun אֲדֹנִיָֽהוּ (Heb. ‘Adoniáhu’ [Adonijah]) in 1Kings 1:13 in the Codex M^L, as can be seen from the color and black-and-white images of this Masoretic manuscript ¹⁵ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184v; Freedman et al. 1998, 380. . In the other sources of Masorah, such as the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁷ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, the name is vocalised as אֲדֹנִיָּֽהוּ (Heb. ‘Adoniiáhu’ [Adonijah]) with the dagesh forte signal in the character yôd. The occurrence is recorded by Dotan, but not by Breuer¹⁶ Dotan 2001, 1232. .

In the critical apparatus of the BHS the following annotation is found on the case: sic L, mlt Mss Edd (i.e. the name is thus according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg]) have the reading אֲדֹנִיָּֽהוּ [Heb. ‘Adoniiáhu’ [Adonijah]). The BHK does not have any note on the subject in its critical apparatus. The reading of the Codex M^L is reproduced, in a diplomatic way, in the BHS, however, in the BHK and the BHL, the reading of the other Masoretic sources is found (cf. above).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 118vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 248Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

It is missing the diacritic mappîq in the letter hê in the theonym אֱלוֹהַ (Heb. ‘God’) in Deuteronomy 32:15 in the Codex M^L ¹⁷ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 118v; Freedman et al. 1998, 248. . It is possible to see that both from the color photograph and from the black-and-white photograph of the Codex M^L, the mappîq signal does not appear in the theonym. The Codex M^S5 has the same reading as the Codex M^L, but other sources of the Masorah have another reading, recording the diacritic signal in the character hê as אֱלֹוהַּ (Heb. ‘God’), in plene writing, according to the codices M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁶ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, or as אֱלֹהַּ (Heb. ‘God’), with defective writing, according to the Codex M^A. Dotan records the occurrence in his list, however, in Breuer’s list there is no record¹⁸ Dotan 2001, 1231. .

The BHK, BHS, and BHQ editions reproduce the reading of the Codex M^L, while the BHL corrects the text to אֱלֹוהַּ (Heb. ‘God’). In the critical apparatus of the BHS there is the following observation about the highlighted theonym: sic L, mlt Mss Edd (i.e. the word is thus according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading אֱלֹוהַּ [Heb. ‘God’]). In the apparatus of textual variants of the BHK and the BHQ no note on the case is found.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 227vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 466Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

There is an absence of the vocalic signal, the furtive pataḥ, in the letter ḥêt in the word בִּשְׁלֹח (Heb. ‘in to send’) in Isaiah 20:1 in the Codex M^L. The occurrence is found in Dotan’s list, but not in Breuer’s work ¹⁹ Dotan 2001, 1232. . By means of both images, the aforementioned vocalisation signal does not appear under the character ḥêt²⁰ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 227v; Freedman et al. 1998, 466. . The same is not true of the other Masoretic sources, such as the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, and M²⁶²⁷ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, which show full vocalisation of the word, such as בִּשְׁלֹחַ (Heb. ‘in to send’), with the presence of the signal furtive pataḥ. In the BHL, Dotan corrected the wording, according to several Masorah sources.

In the BHK the same reading of the BHL is adopted, as בִּשְׁלֹחַ (Heb. ‘in to send’), with the following note in the critical apparatus: L לֹח- (i.e. in the Codex M^L the reading is בִּשְׁלֹח [Heb. ‘in to send’]). In the BHS the reading is diplomatic, reproducing the text of the Codex M^L, with the following annotation in its apparatus of textual variation: sic L, mlt Mss Edd לֹחַ- (i.e. the word is thus, according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading בִּשְׁלֹחַ [Heb. ‘in to send’]). The HUB also reserves an annotation in the third block of its critical apparatus on the same situation: בִּשְׁלֹח ל (i.e. in the Codex M^L the reading is בִּשְׁלֹח [Heb. ‘in to send’]).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 927Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The masculine proper name יֵשׁוּע (Heb. ‘Ieshû‘’ [Jeshua]) does not have the vocalic signal furtive pataḥ in the letter ʿáyin in Nehemiah 7:43 in the Codex M^L, which is visible from the pictures in this manuscript of the Masorah ²¹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458r; Freedman et al. 1998, 927. . Again, Dotan includes the case in his “Manuscript Variants” list, but Breuer does not include the occurrence in his work The Biblical Text²² Dotan 2001, 1237. . As is customary, Dotan in the BHL corrected the spelling of the name to יֵשׁוּעַ (Heb. ‘Ieshûa‘’ [Jeshua]). The normative spelling יֵשׁוּעַ (Heb. ‘Ieshûa‘’ [Jeshua]) is found in the codices M^M1 and M²⁶²⁸ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible.

The BHK, BHS, and BHQ editions present the same corrected reading as seen in the BHL, but without any note in the critical apparatus. Curiously, the BHS and the BHQ should reproduce the text of the Codex M^L in a diplomatic manner, even with the obvious scribal errors, and the normative wording should be provided only in annotations from the apparatus of textual variants, according to the publications’ own editors. However, in Nehemiah 7:43, such edits take another procedure, contrary to their own guidelines, correcting the text of the Codex M^L, something that should not have been done (?!).

2. Vocalisation variation

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	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 148vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 308Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

In the Codex M^L, in Judges 19:23, there is the adverb of negation אַל־ (Heb. ‘not’) instead of the separable preposition אֶל־ (Heb. ‘to’). From the images of ZuckermanZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up.
and Freedman et al.Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
, there is no doubt that the letter aleph does indeed have the vocalic signal pataḥ and not the vocalic signal segôl ²³ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 148v; Freedman et al. 1998, 308. . Such a textual variant is mentioned in Dotan’s list, however, the occurrence is ignored in Breuer’s list²⁴ Dotan 2001, 1231. . Dotan, departing from the Codex M^L, corrected the BHL in the aforementioned biblical passage, adopting the reading אֶל־בֵּיתִי (Heb. ‘to my house’) and not the original reading אַל־בֵּיתִי (Heb. ‘not my house’). In the other sources of the Masorah, such as the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1 and M²⁶²⁷ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, the expression is reproduced as אֶל־בֵּיתִי (Heb. ‘to my house’).

In the BHK the same reading of the BHL is found, however, there is no note in the critical apparatus informing the correction made in the text of this edition. In the BHS the original reading of the Codex M^L is found, as אַל־בֵּיתִי (Heb. ‘not my house’), and in the critical apparatus there is the following annotation: sic L, mlt Mss Edd אֶל (i.e. the word is thus, according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading אֶל [Heb. ‘to’]). In the BHQ, the original reading of the Codex M^L is also adopted, with information concerning the variation of a textual nature in the critical apparatus: אַל־ M^L | M^A M^C G (V) S T (i.e. the reading אַל־ [Heb. ‘not’] is found in the Codex M^L; the reading אֶל־ [Heb. ‘to’] is witnessed by the M^A and M^C codices, the Septuagint, the Vulgate [this version agrees with the reading of the version mentioned, but differs from it in some textual detail], the Peshitta and the Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel [...]). According to such an edition, the reading אֶל־ [Heb. ‘to’] is preferable, according to the testimony of the biblical sources mentioned in the annotation of the apparatus of textual variants.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 99vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 210Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The separable preposition אֶל־ (Heb. ‘to’) instead of the adverb of negation אַל־ (Heb. ‘not’) is the original reading of the Codex M^L in Deuteronomy 2:9 for the expression אֶל־תָּצַר (Heb. ‘to show hostility against’). The codices M^L17, M^M1, M^S1, M^S5, and M²⁶²⁶ and the Second Rabbinic Bible have the reading אַל־תָּצַר (Heb. ‘do not show hostility against’). From the images of the Masoretic manuscript, it is possible to see that there is a vocalic signal under the character aleph ²⁵ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 99v; Freedman et al. 1998, 210. . The textual variant is listed by Dotan in his list, however, Breuer does not list the same occurrence in his book²⁶ Dotan 2001, 1231. . As usual, the BHL contains the corrected reading and not the original reading of the Codex M^L, being אַל־תָּצַר (Heb. ‘do not show hostility against’).

The spliced reading אַל־תָּצַר (Heb. ‘do not show hostility against’) is found in the BHK, but there is no textual remark in the critical apparatus. In the BHS is found the original reading of the Codex M^L אֶל־תָּצַר (Heb. ‘to show hostility against’), with the following note in the critical apparatus: sic L, mlt Mss Edd אַל (i.e. the word is thus, according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading אַל [Heb. ‘not’]). In the BHQ, in the same way as in the BHS, the same reading is found, with the following note: אֶל־ M^L (err) | אַל־ M^L17 M^S5 G V S T | Smr (indet) || pref אַל־ M^L17 M^S5 G V S T (i.e. the reading אֶל־ [Heb. ‘to’] of the Codex M^L is a scribal error; the reading אַל־ [Heb. ‘not’] is witnessed by the codices M^L17 and M^S5, the Septuagint, the Vulgate, the Peshitta, and the Targum; in the Samaritan Pentateuch the reading is indeterminate [i.e. this Bible version does not sufficiently assist in the solution of the textual difficulty]). In the BHQ the original reading of Codex M^L is considered erroneous, because of the testimony of the other two Masoretic manuscripts of the Tiberian tradition and the ancient versions of the Bible. Moreover, the context and meaning of Deuteronomy 2:9 support the reading of the biblical sources cited in the critical apparatus note. In relation to the Samaritan biblical text, the reading is inconclusive, since the words אֶל־ (Heb. ‘to’) and אַל־ (Heb. ‘not’) are reproduced in a similar way ²⁷ In the Tal-Florentin scholarly edition of the Samaritan Pentateuch, the reading is as follows: אל תצור (Sam. Heb. ‘distress not [?] /to distress [?]’), see Tal and Florentin 2010. From the reproduction of the expression, it is not possible to know whether it is the separable preposition אֶל־ (Heb. ‘to’) or if it is the adverb of negation אַל־ (Heb. ‘not’) and this problem of textual nature in the Samaritan biblical text is really inconclusive. .


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 5vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 22Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

There is the semivocalic signal ḥaṭef-pataḥ instead of the semivocalic signal audible shewaʾ in the letter kaf in the masculine proper name אַשְׁכֲּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkanaz’ [Ashkenaz]) in Genesis 10:3 in the Codex M^L. Such variation in vocalisation is noticeable through the color and black-and-white photographs of the Masorah manuscript ²⁸ Zuckerman 2021 fol. 5v; Freedman et al. 1998, 22. . Only the Codex M^S5 has the same wording as the Codex M^L, while other Masoretic sources such as the codices M^M1 and M²⁶²⁶ and the Second Rabbinic Bible have the wording אַשְׁכְּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkenaz’). Both Dotan and Breuer do not record in their lists the proper name with such a method of vocalisation in the Codex M^L.

The BHK, BHS, BHQ, and BHL editions reproduce the original wording of the Codex M^L, as אַשְׁכֲּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkanaz’ [Ashkenaz]). In the BHK and BHS they have annotations in their critical apparatus regarding the masculine proper name in Genesis 10:3, but the observation is of a literary rather than textual nature, and is not useful for the analysis of the vocalisation of the lexicographic item in this study.

The prominent masculine name appears a total of three times in the Hebrew biblical text: Gen 10:3; Jer 51:27; 1Chr 1:6. In the three biblical passages, Even-Shoshan records the name with the following vocalisation: אַשְׁכְּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkenaz’) ²⁹ Even-Shoshan 1997, 126. . However, in the Codex M^L two distinct forms of vocalisation are found: אַשְׁכֲּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkanaz’ [Ashkenaz]) (with the semivocalic signal ḥaṭef-pataḥ) (Gen 10:3; 1Chr 1:6) and אַשְׁכְּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkenaz’) (with the semivocalic signal audible shewaʾ) (Jer 51:27). In two editions based on the Codex M^A, the Ḥorev and the Jerusalem Crown, the name is spelled as אַשְׁכְּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkenaz’) in the three biblical passages.

Yeivin, citing the case of the name אַשְׁכֲּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkanaz’ [Ashkenaz]) in Genesis 10:3 in the Codex M^L, he comments that the use of the semivocalic signal ḥaṭef-pataḥ in non-guttural letters would be for phonetic reasons. He explains that Tiberian vocalisation regularly distinguishes shewaʾ between mobile (Lat. ‘audible’) and quiescent (Lat. ‘mute’) in guttural consonants. In many occurrences, still, the signal shewaʾ in non-guttural consonants is represented by the signal ḥaṭef to indicate that it is vowel, either for morphological or phonetic reasons ³⁰ Yeivin 1980, 283; 2003, 237. .


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 380Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here is found the vocalic signal segôl instead of the vocalic signal pataḥ in the letter bêt in the feminine proper name בַת־שֶׁבֶע (Heb. ‘Bat-Shéve’ [Bath-sheba]) in 1Kings 1:15 in the Codex M^L. In the other sources of the Masorah, such as the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁷ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, the aforementioned proper name is spelled in a normative manner as בַת־שֶׁבַע (Heb. ‘Bat-Shéva’ [Bath-sheba]). Dotan records the occurrence in his list; however, Breuer ignores the occurrence in his list ³¹ Dotan 2001, Appendix A: “Manuscript Variants”, p. 1232. . From the color and black-and-white images, it is evident that it is indeed the vocalic signal because of the shape, color, and size of the graphic signal, and is an occurrence unique to the Codex M^L in relation to the other Masoretic codices and editions of the Hebrew Bible³² Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184v; Freedman et al. 1998, 380. .

The BHK and BHL editions, departing from the Codex M^L, maintain in their texts the corrected form, such as בַת־שֶׁבַע (Heb. ‘Bat-Shéva’ [Bath-sheba]). The BHK does not inform the critical apparatus of the correction made in its text. The BHS retains the form found in the Codex M^L as בַת־שֶׁבֶע (Heb. ‘Bat-Shéve’ [Bate-Seba]) and with the following annotation in the apparatus of textual variants: sic L, mlt Mss Edd שׁבַע (i.e. the name is thus according to Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading בַת־שֶׁבַע [Heb. ‘Bat-Shéva’ {Bath-sheba}]).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 146rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 303Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here, there is a changing of the position of the vocalic signal hîrîq with the semivocalic signal shewaʾ in the letters pê and lámed in the plural gentile adjective וּפִלְשִׁתִּים (Heb. ‘and Pilshittines’ [and Philistines]) in Judges 15:14 in the Codex M^L, being a metathesis situation ³³ Metathesis (Gr. μετάθεσις, transposition): a phenomenon that consists of changing the place of certain phonemes, syllables or letters in a word, see Dubois et al. 2001, 412; Houaiss and Villar 2009, 1282-1283. . In the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁷ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible the wording is normative, as וּפְלִשְׁתִּים (Heb. ‘and Pelishtines’ [and Philistines]). Dotan records the occurrence in his list, but Breuer ignores it in his work³⁴ Dotan 2001, 1231. . Examining the photos in color and black-and-white, it is noticeable that this is indeed a metathesis situation, with a change in the position of vocalic signals in the two characters mentioned above, being an exclusive occurrence of the Codex M^L in relation to the other manuscripts of the Masorah and editions of the Hebrew-Aramaic biblical text³⁵ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 146r; Freedman et al. 1998, 303. .

The BHK, BHS, and BHL editions correct the text to וּפְלִשְׁתִּים (Heb. ‘and Pelishtines’ [and Philistines]), but the BHQ, retaining the wording of the Codex M^L, owns the wording וּפִלְשִׁתִּים (and Pilshittines [and Philistines]). The BHK and BHS editions do not provide any annotation in the apparatus of textual variants about the editorial situation of the Codex M^L, however, the BHQ has the following note in its critical apparatus regarding the occurrence: וּפִלְשִׁתִּים M^L (err) | וּפְלִשְׁתִּים M^A M^C (i.e. the lecture וּפִלְשִׁתִּים [and Pilshittines {and Philistines}] is a Codex M^L error; the lecture וּפְלִשְׁתִּים [Heb. ‘and Pelishtines’ {and Philistines}] is recorded in the codices M^A and M^C).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 127rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 265Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The vocalic signal qameṣ instead of the vocalic signal pataḥ in the letter ʿáyin in the masculine proper name יְהוֹשֻׁעָ (Heb. ‘Iehoshúa’ [Joshua]) in the Codex M^L in Joshua 10:12. In the same biblical passage, the other Masoretic sources, such as the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, and M²⁶²⁷ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, have the same name with normative vocalisation, such as יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Heb. ‘Iehoshúa’ [Joshua]). Dotan registers the occurrence, but Breuer does not ³⁶ Dotan 2001, 1231. . However, Dotan expresses doubts about such vocalisation, indicating the question mark (?). By both the color image and the black-and-white image, the vocalic signal under the character ʿáyin is similar to the vocalic signal qameṣ³⁷ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 127r; Freedman et al. 1998, 265. . An important detail that should be commented in the Codex M^L is that the vocalic signal qameṣ consists of a small horizontal bar with a diamond-shaped dot, different from the graphic pattern of modern printed editions of the Hebrew-Aramaic biblical text, in which the same vocalic signal is formed by a small horizontal bar with a drop-shaped dot (as in BHK, BHS, BHQ, and HUB) or a ball-shaped point (as in BHL). Apparently, the signal would not be a mere stain on the manuscript, for the shape and coloration are very similar to some signal of vocalisation as in the other words of the manuscript on the same folio. However, it is not possible to say with certainty whether it is the vocalic signal qameṣ or whether it is a stain on the manuscript, even if its physical dimensions are peculiar. The doubt is expressed both in the BHL “Manuscript Variants” list and in the LéxATI.

The BHK, BHS, and BHL editions reproduce the masculine proper name in Joshua 10:12 as יְהוֹשֻׁעַ (Heb. ‘Iehoshúa’ [Joshua]), with the vocalic signal pataḥ, unlike what is found in the Codex M^L. The BHK and BHS editions do not mention the occurrence in their apparatuses of textual variants, not informing the reader about the possible unusual situation of an editorial nature in the Codex M^L.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 407vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 826Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here is seen the vocalic signal pataḥ instead of the vocalic signal segôl in the letter lâmed in the word לַשֶּׁלַג (Heb. ‘to the snow’) in Job 37:6 in the Codex M^L. The codices M^A, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁸ and the Second Rabbinic Bible record the normative wording לַשֶּׁלֶג (Heb. ‘to the snow’) with the vocalic signal segôl in the character lâmed. Breuer does not mention such textual variant in his work, but Dotan records it in his list ³⁸ Dotan 2001, 1236. . Both the color image and the black-and-white image of the Codex M^L reveal that it is clearly the vowel sign pataḥ under the letter lâmed in that word³⁹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 407v; Freedman et al. 1998, 826. .

In Job 37:6 the BHK and the BHL, departing from the Codex M^L, contain the corrected word as לַשֶּׁלַג (Heb. ‘to the snow’) and the BHS keeps its word, as stated in the Codex M^L. The BHK does not dedicate any note on the situation in its apparatus of textual variants, but in the critical apparatus of the BHS the following information about the aforementioned occurrence is found: sic L, mlt Mss Edd לֶג- (i.e. the word is thus according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading לַשֶּׁלֶג [Heb. ‘to the snow’]).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 85vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 182Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The vocalic signal segôl instead of the vocalic signal pataḥ under the letter rêsh in the masculine proper name קֹרֶח (Heb. ‘Qôreh’ [Korah]) in Numbers 16:27 in the Codex M^L. The reading קֹרַח (Heb. ‘Qôrah’ [Korah]), with the diacritic pataḥ, is found in the codices M^B, M^M1, M^S1, M^S5, and M²⁶²⁶ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible, being the normative wording. Such textual variation is recorded by Dotan in his list, but Breuer does not mention it in his book ⁴⁰ Dotan 2001, 1230. . The vocalic signal segol is noticeable in the masculine proper name in Numbers 16:27, both through the color image and through the black-and-white image of the Codex M^L. The diacritic has the same dimension and color as the other vocalic marks, in other words, on folio 85v of the aforementioned Masorah manuscript⁴¹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 85v; Freedman et al. 1998, 182. .

The corrected wording as קֹרַח (Heb. ‘Qôrah’ [Korah]) is found in both BHK and BHL and the original form of the Codex M^L, such as קֹרֶח (Heb. ‘Qôreh’ [Korah]), is found in the BHS. Regarding the textual occurrence, the BHK dedicates the following annotation in its critical apparatus: L קֹרֶח (i.e. the Codex M^L has the reading קֹרֶח [Heb. ‘Qôreh’ {Korah}]). On the same subject, the BHS dedicates the following note to its apparatus of textual variants: sic L, mlt Edd קֹרַח (i.e. the name is thus according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading קֹרַח [Heb. ‘Qôrah’ {Korah}]).

3. Spelling variation

⌅


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 235rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 481Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here the word הַהִוא (Heb. ‘that’) is spelled with the letter waw instead of the letter yôd in the Codex M^L in Isaiah 39:1. The wording הַהִיא (Heb. ‘that’), written with the letter yôd, it is found in the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁷ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible. Dotan does not record the occurrence in his list, as he adopts the original spelling of the Codex M^L in the BHL, but Breuer does. However, in his work, Breuer expresses doubts about the wording found in the Codex M^L, recording how? ל:הַהִוא ⁴² Breuer 2003, 151. . Possibly, for Breuer, the letter yôd would have been elongated to be transformed into the character waw, which would have generated doubts for this scholar of the Masorah in relation to the original wording of the word. However, Breuer does not explain the reason for his doubt in his book. Visually, the character presents a somewhat distinct graphic pattern in relation to the normative spelling adopted by Samuel ben Jacob when writing the letter waw. In fact, the head of the character is very similar to the letter yôd, but with a somewhat unusual stem in relation to Samuel ben Jacob’s own orthographic pattern. Be that as it may, the color and black-and-white images of the aforementioned Masoretic codex corroborate that the reading is indeed הַהִוא (Heb. ‘that’), with the character waw, even if it was the result of the wording of the prima manus (Lat. ‘first hand’) or the secunda manus (Lat. ‘second hand’)⁴³ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 235r; Freedman et al. 1998, 481. .

In the BHK the word is corrected as הַהִיא (Heb. ‘that’), but in the BHS and in the BHL the wording is הַהִוא (Heb. ‘that’), according to the Codex M^L. Regarding the occurrence, the BHK has the note L ההוא (i.e. the Codex M^L has the reading הַהִוא [Heb. ‘that’]) and the BHS has the annotation sic L, mlt Mss Edd ההיא (i.e. the word is thus according to Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading הַהִיא [Heb. ‘that’]).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 283vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 578Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The inseparable preposition בְ (Heb. ‘in’) instead of the inseparable preposition כְ (Heb. ‘as’) in the word וּבְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and in their abominations’) in the Codex M^L in Ezekiel 16:47. Through the color and black-and-white images of the Masorah manuscript under study here, it is possible to perceive the inseparable preposition בְ (Heb. ‘in’), being the reading of the prima manus ⁴⁴ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 283v; Freedman et al. 1998, 578. . The same wording is also perceptible by the color image of the facsimile edition of the Codex M^A, and is also the reading of the prima manus. However, the reading of the secunda manus is וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’), because it is possible to notice, even though it is very subtle, a small scrape in the letter ב, transforming it into the character כ ⁴⁵ Goshen-Gottstein 1976, שלט. .

The BHK, moving away from the text of the Codex M^L, has the reading וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’) in Ezekiel 16:47. In the apparatus of textual variants of this edition is found the following annotation for the word in the aforementioned biblical passage: MS 𝔊𝔖𝔙 וְלֹא כְת׳ (i.e. a medieval Hebrew manuscript, the Septuagint, the Peshitta, and the Vulgate have the reading [by way of retroversion] וְלֹא כְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן [Heb. ‘and no according to their abominations’]).

The BHS maintains the reading of the Codex M^L as וּבְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and in their abominations’) in the same biblical passage (cf. above). In the critical apparatus of this publication, the following note for the above-mentioned word is found: sic L, וּכְ׳ Cod Alep 𝔅𝔗𝔊 opt Mss (i.e. the word is thus in accordance with the Codex M^L; the reading וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן [Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’] is found in the Codex M^A, the Second Rabbinic Bible, the Targum of Jonathan ben Uzziel, the Septuagint, and excellent medieval Hebrew manuscripts) (note: the reading of the Aramaic and Greek biblical texts is given in the BHS by means of retroversion).

In block iii of the critical apparatus of the HUB there is the following annotation regarding the word highlighted in Ezekiel 16:47: ובתועבותיהן :א׳ ל ל30 (i.e. the codices M^A [text of the first hand {prima manus}], M^L and M^L30 have the reading וּבְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן [Heb. ‘and in their abominations’]); וכתועבתיהן :פ׳ ר (i.e. the codices M^P [text of the first hand {prima manus}] and M^R have the reading וּכְתוֹעֲבֹתֵיהֶן [Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’]); וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן : מ (i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible has the reading וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן [Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’]).

Dotan records the reading of the Codex M^L in his “Manuscript Variants” list, but does not adopt it in the BHL text ⁴⁶ Dotan 2001, 1233. . The same occurrence is recorded by Breuer, who reports the following: וּכְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and according to their abominations’) is found in the codices M^A, M^C (?) and M^S1 and in the Second Rabbinic Bible; the Codex M^L has the reading וּבְתוֹעֲבוֹתֵיהֶן (Heb. ‘and in their abominations’)⁴⁷ Breuer 2003, 206. .


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 927Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here is seen the masculine proper name חֲגָבָה (Heb. ‘Hagavá’ [Hagaba]) spelled with the letter hê instead of the character aleph in the Codex M^L in Nehemiah 7:48 ⁴⁸ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458r; Freedman et al. 1998, 927. . The other sources of the Masorah, such as the codices M^M1, M²³⁷⁵, M²⁶²⁸, and M⁵⁷⁰² and the Second Rabbinic Bible, have the name written with the letter aleph, as חֲגָבָא (Heb. ‘Hagavá’ [Hagaba]). Only the Codex M⁸² has the same spelling as the Codex M^L for Nehemiah 7:48. Dotan does not record the occurrence in his list, as he adopts the reading of the Codex M^L in the BHL, but Breuer records it in his work⁴⁹ Breuer 2003, 351. .

The four editions based on the Codex M^L, the BHK, BHS, BHQ, and BHL, adopt the spelling חֲגָבָה (Heb. ‘Hagavá’ [Hagaba]) in their texts. The BHK has the note 𝔅 חֲגָבָא (i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible has the spelling חֲגָבָא [Heb. ‘Hagavá’ {Hagaba}]) in his critical apparatus. The BHS and the BHQ also have annotations in their apparatus of textual variants, but the observation is not related to the spelling of the masculine name in Nehemiah 7:48.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 461rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 933Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The masculine proper name מִיכָה (Heb. ‘Miká’ [Micha]), being spelled with the character hê instead of the letter aleph in Nehemiah 11:17 in the Codex M^L ⁵⁰ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 461r; Freedman et al. 1998, 933. . Dotan does not record the occurrence in its list, because it adopts the reading of the Codex M^L in the BHL, but Breuer identifies the orthographic difference in its list⁵¹ Breuer 2003, 354. . The masculine name is written with the character aleph as מִיכָא (Heb. ‘Miká’ [Micha]) is found in several sources of the Masorah, as the codices M^M1, M^S1, M⁸², M²³⁷⁵, M²⁶²⁸, and M⁵⁷⁰² and the Second Rabbinic Bible.

The BHK, BHS, BHQ, and BHL adopt the spelling of the aforementioned male proper name as מִיכָה (Heb. ‘Miká’ [Micha]), according to the Masoretic source of such editions, the Codex M^L. The BHS and the BHQ editions do not provide any observations on the occurrence in their critical apparatuses, but the BHK has the following annotation: 𝔅 כָא- (i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible has the spelling מִיכָא [Heb. ‘Miká’ {Micha}]).

4. Wording variation

⌅


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 379rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 769Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here is seen the tetragrammaton יְהוָה (Heb. ‘YHWH’) instead of the theonym אֲדֹנָי (Heb. ‘Lord’) in the Codex M^L in Psalm 68:27 ⁵² Zuckerman 2021, fol. 379r; Freedman et al. 1998, 769. . Dotan does not record the occurrence in his list, as he adopts the reading in the BHL, but Breuer does so in his work⁵³ Breuer 2003, 257. . The opposite situation is verified in other sources of the Masorah, such as the codices M^A, M^M1, M^S1, M²³⁷⁵, M²⁶²⁸, M⁵⁷⁰², and the Second Rabbinic Bible, which adopt the theonym אֲדֹנָי (Heb. ‘Lord’) instead of the tetragrammaton יְהוָה (Heb. ‘YHWH’) in Psalm 68:27.

The editions based on the Codex M^L, such as BHK, BHS, and BHL, adopt the reading יְהוָה (Heb. ‘YHWH’) in Psalm 68:27. The BHK and the BHS report that there are differences in wording of the aforementioned biblical passage in biblical manuscripts from the Middle Ages and editions of the Hebrew-Aramaic biblical text: the BHK has the note MSS אֲדֹנָי (i.e. medieval Hebrew manuscripts have the reading אֲדֹנָי [Heb. ‘Lord’]) and the BHS has the annotation mlt Mss Edd אֲדֹנָי (i.e. many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the reading אֲדֹנָי [Heb. ‘Lord’]). However, both editions do not specify in which Masoretic manuscripts (at least some) from the medieval period such a difference can be verified.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 210vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 432Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The masculine proper name יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]) instead of יוֹזָכָר (Heb. ‘Iozakar’ [Jozachar]) in the Codex M^L, in 2 Kings 12:22, is a clear reading through the photographs of the manuscript ⁵⁴ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 210v; Freedman et al. 1998, 432. . The codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, and M^S1 record the reading יוֹזָכָר (Heb. ‘Iozakar’ [Jozachar]), however, the Codex M²⁶²⁷ has the same reading as the Codex M^L, as יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]). The text of most manuscripts in 2 Kings 12:22, as יוֹזָכָר (Heb. ‘Iozakar’ [Jozachar]), it is also confirmed by Even-Shoshan⁵⁵ Even-Shoshan 1997, 451. . Dotan does not record the case, as it adopts the wording יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]) in the BHL, but Breuer does, but expresses doubt regarding the spelling of the Codex M^L in 2 Kings 12:22⁵⁶ Breuer 2003, 127. . Possibly, Breuer felt insecure about the last two letters of the name: the consonants ב and ד, which could be interpreted, perhaps, as כ and ר. Moreover, the case is mentioned in the same way by Revell, in comparison of the Codex M^L with the codices M^A and M^C, which confirms the textual variant between these manuscripts of the Masorah⁵⁷ Revell 1998, xxxiii. .

The BHK, BHS, and BHL have the wording יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]) in their texts, according to the Codex M^L. Two editions, the BHK and the BHS, inform in their critical apparatuses that there is a reading variant in other sources of the Masorah: the BHK has the note C𝔅 MSS ויוזכר (i.e. the Codex M^C, the Second Rabbinic Bible and medieval Hebrew manuscripts have the wording וְיוֹזָכָר [Heb. ‘and Iozakar’ {and Jozachar}]) and the BHS has the annotation mlt Mss זָכָר- (i.e. many medieval Hebrew manuscripts have the wording יוֹזָכָר [Heb. ‘Iozakar’ {Jozachar}).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 348rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 707Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

There is the use of the letter yôd after the letter ḥêt, modifying the number of the word, from singular to plural in the word מְשִׁיחֶיךָ (Heb. ‘your anointed ones’) in 2 Chronicles 6:42 in the Codex M^L. In the same biblical passage, the reading מְשִׁיחֶךָ (Heb. ‘your anointed one’), as a singular, it is found in the codices M^A, M^M1, M^S1, M²⁶²⁸, and M⁵⁷⁰² and in the Second Rabbinic Bible. As Dotan adopts the reading of the Codex M^L in the BHL, he does not record the textual variant in his list. Breuer records in his list the aforementioned variation of the textual nature ⁵⁸ Breuer 2003, 374. . The yôd character is clearly perceptible in the images of the Codex M^L, in the case of the writing of the prima manus⁵⁹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 348r; Freedman et al. 1998, 707. .

Regarding the reproduction of the word in the scholarly editions of the Hebrew-Aramaic biblical text based on the Codex M^L, the following situation is verified: the BHK, the BHS, and the BHL reproduce the word in the plural, as מְשִׁיחֶיךָ (Heb. ‘your anointed ones’), according to the original text of the Codex M^L. The BHK devotes the following note to such an occurrence: sic L, l c mlt MSS חֶךָ- (i.e. the word is thus according to the Codex M^L, read according to many medieval Hebrew manuscripts, which have the reading מְשִׁיחֶךָ [Heb. ‘your anointed one’]). The BHS has a similar annotation: sic L, l c mlt Mss Vrs et Ps 132,10 חך- (i.e. the word is thus according to the Codex M^L, read according to many medieval Hebrew manuscripts, classical biblical versions, and Psalm 132:10, which have the reading מְשִׁיחֶךָ [Heb. ‘your anointed one’]).

The inclusion of such a textual variant in the LéxATI was due to the fact that this lexicographic work is based both on the BHS text and on the Paratext UBS Translation Software, which reproduce the aforementioned word in the plural in 2 Chronicles 6:42 in the Codex M^L.

5. Unusual vocalisation

⌅


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 15rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 41Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

There is actually a dot/stain inside the letter mem in the masculine proper name אֲבִימֶּ֥לֶךְ (Heb. ‘Avimmélek’ [Abimelech]) in Genesis 26:1 in the Codex M^L. However, is such a point some diacritic or is it merely a small stain on the parchment? Dotan points out such variation in his list, however, he expresses doubt ⁶⁰ Dotan 2001, 1229. . Breuer does not point out the variant in his work, possibly because he considers that it is not a diacritic, but a mere stain on the parchment. In the black-and-white facsimile version of Freedman et al.Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
, the impression is that it is, in fact, a diacritic. However, in the color version, the dot has a slightly lighter color in relation to the vocalisation signals⁶¹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 15r; Freedman et al. 1998, 41. .

On folio 15r of the Codex M^L, where the masculine proper name is highlighted, it is possible to perceive many points similar to the supposed diacritic dagesh in the letter mem, both in terms of size and in terms of coloration (usually the color is in a shade of brown or ochre), but which are clearly small stains typical of the parchment. However, by facsimile edition the dot resembles a diacritic, and it is not in principle possible to distinguish it from some stain on the parchment. Another detail that can be commented on is that the spot has a smaller size in contrast to the vowel signs that have a larger size. Golinets and Himbaza mention the same case in their texts, confirming that it is only a stain on the parchment ⁶² Golinets 2013, 248, 250; Himbaza 2023, 173. .

The name אֲבִימֶּ֥לֶךְ (Heb. ‘Avimmélek’ [Abimelech]), possessing a supposed diacritic dagesh in Genesis 26:1, is recorded in the following sources that reproduce the Codex M^L: the BHS, the Paratext UBS Translation Software and the “Manuscript Variants” in the BHL. The BHS also has the following annotation in its apparatus of textual variation on the subject: sic L, mlt Mss Edd מ sine dageš (i.e. the name is thus according to the Codex M^L, in many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] the letter mem is without the diacritic dagesh). The same name, being worded as אֲבִימֶ֥לֶךְ in Genesis 26:1, but without the hypothetical diacritic, it is found in the following sources that are also based on the Codex M^L: BHK, BHQ, and BHL. The BHK and the BHQ editions do not dedicate any observation in their critical apparatus to such a situation, certainly because they consider that it is only a stain on the parchment.

Finally, the inclusion of this case in the LéxATI was due to two main reasons: 1. the lexicographic work is based on both the BHS and the Paratext UBS Translation Software (note: this program is based on BHS) and 2. the aforementioned work also had as reference the “Manuscript Variants” list found in the BHL, despite the doubt indicated in this text. Such works were decisive for the inclusion of the occurrence in the LéxATI.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 185rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 381Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

There is a supposed diacritic dagesh in the letter bêt in the word הַנָּבִּיא (Heb. ‘the announcer’ [the prophet]) in the Codex M^L in 1 Kings 1:45. The normative form הַנָּבִיא (Heb. ‘the announcer’ [the prophet]), without the dagesh signal, it is found in the codices M^A, M^C, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁷ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible. By the black-and-white facsimile edition, the dot actually resembles a vocalic signal, and it is not possible to distinguish it from any stain on the parchment. However, through the color image of the same manuscript it is possible to clearly perceive that it is a stain of the parchment, and this because of the brown/ochre color of the stain. In addition, throughout folio 185r it is possible to see that there are several similar spots in terms of coloration and size ⁶³ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 185r; Freedman et al. 1998, 381. . Dotan mentions the occurrence in the “Manuscript Variants” list, but Breuer does not⁶⁴ Dotan 2001, 1232. .

The BHK, BHS, and BHL editions have the word as הַנָּבִיא (Heb. ‘the announcer’ [the prophet]), not considering the hypothetical dagesh signal. The BHK and the BHS have annotations in their critical apparatuses about the word, but not about the supposed orthographic situation, possibly because they consider that it is not a graphic signal.

Again, the justification for the inclusion of such a case in the LéxATI was because of the two main reasons: 1. the lexical work was based on the BHS and the Paratext UBS Translation Software and 2. the aforementioned lexicon was also based on the “Manuscript Variants” list.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 418rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 847Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Here there are the vocalic signals ḥolem in the letter ṭet, shûreq and dagesh in the character bêt in the word טֹוּֽבּ׃ (Heb. ‘good’) in Proverbs 24:25 in the Codex M^L. The occurrence is recorded by Dotan, but not by Breuer. In his list, Dotan reproduces the word as טוֹּֽב (Heb. ‘good’), being almost close to what is in the Codex M^L ⁶⁵ Dotan 2001, 1235. . In the LéxATI the reproduction tends to be diplomatic, showing the wording that is found, as close as possible, in the Codex M^L. The codices M^A, M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁸ and the Second Rabbinic Bible have the word in normal wording, as טֹֽוב׃ (Heb. ‘good’). Both from the color image and from the black-and-white image of the Codex M^L it is possible to perceive that there are some more graphic signals of vocalisation in the highlighted word⁶⁶ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 418r; Freedman et al. 1998, 847. . Visually, the word has three diacritics: ḥolem in the character ṭet, shûreq, and dagesh in the letter bêt. Possibly, these signals may have been inadvertently inserted in the process of repainting the manuscript. In addition, it is possible to see that on folio 418r several words were repainted by a secunda manus, however, such repainting was not always so careful.

The following situation of reproduction of the word from the Codex M^L is verified in the scholarly editions of the Hebrew Bible: the BHK, the BHS, the BHQ, and the BHL correct the word in their texts, such as טֹֽוב׃ (Heb. ‘good’). However, the BHK, the BHS, and the BHQ do not dedicate any notes in their critical apparatuses to the peculiar wording of the word in the Codex M^L.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 47vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 106Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

Is the diacritic dagesh really seen here in the letter bêt in the word כַּרְכֹּבּ (Heb. ‘the compass of’) in Exodus 27:5 in the Codex M^L? The case is included by Dotan in his list, however, Breuer does not ⁶⁷ Dotan 2001, 1230. . Normative wording כַּרְכֹּב (Heb. ‘the compass of’) it is found in codices M^B, M^M1, M^S1, M^S5, and M²⁶²⁶ and in the Second Rabbinic Bible. Through black-and-white photography, the dot in the word is very similar to an unusual dagesh in the character bêt, mainly because of the physical dimensions of the dot. However, through color photography, it is possible to verify that the hypothetical point has a lighter color, being brown/ochre⁶⁸ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 47v; Freedman et al. 1998, 106. . Therefore, the point in the highlighted word is a mere smudge of the parchment and not an unexpected diacritic.

The BHK, BHS, and BHL have the reading כַּרְכֹּב (Heb. ‘the compass of’) in their texts. The BHS is silent about the occurrence, not dedicating any notes on the subject in its critical apparatus. However, the BHK dedicates a note to its apparatus of textual variants, but it has no relation to the spelling situation. The silence of the BHK and BHS editions could indicate that the editors would not have taken into account the hypothetical point in the letter bêt in the aforementioned word and would have considered that the spelling of the word would be normative.

As already informed above, the inclusion of such an occurrence in LéxATI was due to two main reasons: 1. the lexicographic work was based on both the BHS and the Paratext UBS Translation Software and 2. the aforementioned work was also referenced to the “Manuscript Variants” list, despite the doubt indicated in this text. Such works were decisive for the inclusion of the occurrence in the LéxATI.

6. Unusual wording

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	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 437vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 886Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The vocalic signal qubbûts in the letter mem, modifying the pronunciation of the word מֻאוּם (Heb. ‘blemish’) in Daniel 1:4 in the Codex M^L. The pronunciation of the word according to the vocalisation of the Codex M^L is um’ûm, and the pronunciation of the same word, but with normative spelling מאוּם (Heb. ‘blemish’), is m’ûm. Both from the color image of ZuckermanZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up.
and from the black-and-white image of Freedman et al.Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
, it is noticeable that in the highlighted word there are actually two vocalic signals: qubbûts and shûreq, being the reading of the prima manus of the Codex M^L (this spelling is not always reproduced, exactly, by the editions of the Hebrew Bible, cf. below) ⁶⁹ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 437v; Freedman et al. 1998, 886. . The case is listed by Dotan, but in the BHL the word is recorded as מאום (as ketîv) and מוּם (as qerê)⁷⁰ Dotan 2001, 1236. . Breuer ignores the textual variant in his work, although other sources, such as the codices M^M1, M^S1, and M²⁶²⁸ and the Second Rabbinic Bible, record a different vocalisation in relation to that of the Codex M^L.

In the apparatus of textual variants of the BHK, is found the note sic L*, 𝔅 מאוּם, nonn MSS Q, pl etiam K מוּם (i.e. the word is spelled in this way in the Codex M^L [prima manus], the Second Rabbinic Bible has the reading מאוּם [Heb. ‘blemish’], several medieval Hebrew manuscripts have such a spelling as qerê; many medieval Hebrew manuscripts have the spelling מוּם [Heb. ‘blemish’] also as ketîv). In the critical apparatus of the BHS there is the following annotation: 𝔅 מאוּם, mlt Mss ut Q מוּם (i.e. the Second Rabbinic Bible has the reading מאוּם [Heb. ‘blemish’], many medieval Hebrew manuscripts such as the qerê read מוּם [Heb. ‘blemish’]) ⁷¹ In the BHS the reproduction of the word is exactly the same as in the BHK, but moving away from the Codex M^L: the ketîv is מֻאום (Heb. ‘blemish’) and the qerê is מום (Heb. ‘blemish’). . Both editions provide virtually the same information, demonstrating the existence of different spellings for the word featured in this topic among various Masoretic sources.


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 250rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 511Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The character waw after the letter aleph in the word נְאֻום־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) in Jeremiah 7:30 in the Codex M^L. Schenker et al.Schenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø].
comment on the situation in the introduction to the BHQ, saying that it would be the result of the careless repainting process of the manuscript and that, clearly, the prima manus would have worded the word as נְאֻם־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’). Schenker et al.Schenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø].
also explain that whoever repainted the aforementioned word would have misinterpreted some remnants of letters and would have written, erroneously, as נְאֻום־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) ⁷² Schenker et al. 2004, xix. .

On the folio 250r of the Codex M^L, which covers the text of Jeremiah 7:24b-8:9a, three other occurrences of the word appear, two with the signal maqqef and one without, and all with normative wording: נְאֻם־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) (Jer 7:32; 8:1) and נְאֻם (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) (Jer 8:3). In Jeremiah 7:30 the signal maqqef is very subtle, but noticeable in both the black-and-white and color images of the manuscript, but magnifying to larger dimensions is necessary ⁷³ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 250r; Freedman et al. 1998, 511. . Dotan registers the variant, but without the signal maqqef in the “Manuscript Variants” list, but in the BHL there is the aforementioned diacritic in the word⁷⁴ Dotan 2001, 1233. . Breuer does not allude to such an occurrence in Jeremiah 7:30 in his work.

In Jeremiah 7:30, in the editions based on the Codex M^L, the wording נְאֻום־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) is found in the BHS and the wording נְאֻם־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) is found in the BHK and in the BHL. Only the BHS mentions the unusual spelling in its apparatus of textual variants: sic L, mlt Mss Edd נְאֻם (i.e. the word is thus, according to the Codex M^L, in many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] the word is worded as נְאֻם [Heb. ‘the utterance of’]).


	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 454rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. .
	Freedman et al. 1998, p. 919Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .

The vocalic signal qubbûts in the letter taw, modifying the pronunciation of the word פְתֻוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’) in Neemiah 1:6 in the Codex M^L. The Codex M^S1 has the same reading as the Codex M^L, but the character waw does not have any vocalic points. The other Masoretic sources have normative readings, such as פְתוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’): the codices M^M1 and M²⁶²⁸ and the Second Rabbinic Bible. Dotan records the occurrence in his list, but Breuer makes no mention in his work about the unusual spelling in the Codex M^L ⁷⁵ Dotan 2001, 1237. .

Both from the color photo and the black-and-white photo of the manuscript, the word clearly has the wording פְתֻוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’) with the diacritic qubbûts in the character taw, possibly the result of repainting ⁷⁶ Zuckerman 2021, fol. 454r; Freedman et al. 1998, 919. . It is also possible to notice that several words on folio 454r of the Codex M^L have also been repainted and, visually, the letters are thicker in relation to the typical orthography of Samuel ben Jacob. A detail that draws attention is the graphic design of the letter waw of the secunda manus in relation to the graphic design of the same character by Samuel ben Jacob. The letter of the secunda manus is thicker, having a straight base, and of the prima manus (that of Samuel ben Jacob) the same character is thinner, having a pointed base. Such differences would indicate a process of repainting the manuscript also on the folio 454r.

The reproduction of the above-mentioned word in the editions based on the Codex M^L is as follows: the BHK and the BHL reproduce as פְתוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’) and the BHS and the BHQ reproduce as פְתֻוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’). Three publications allude to the original spelling of the word in the Codex M^L in their critical apparatus, through the following annotations: 1. BHK: L פְתֻוּחוֹת sic! (i.e. the Codex M^L has the wording פְתֻוּחוֹת [Heb. ‘the ones that open’], thus!); 2. BHS: sic L, mlt Mss Edd פְתוּ׳ (i.e. the word is thus, according to the Codex M^L, many medieval Hebrew manuscripts and printed editions of the Hebrew Bible [Kennicott, De Rossi, and Ginsburg] have the wording פְתוּחוֹת [Heb. ‘the ones that open’]) e 3. BHQ: פְתֻוּחוֹת M^L M^S1 (err) | פְתוּחוֹת M^Y (i.e. the wording פְתֻוּחוֹת [Heb. ‘the ones that open’] is found in the codices M^L and M^S1, being scribe error; the wording פְתוּחוֹת [Heb. ‘the ones that open’] is found in the Codex M¹⁷⁵³).

General characteristics of textual variants

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The six classes of textual variant situations of the Codex M^L present in the LéxATI may reveal some general characteristics, allowing the elaboration of some findings and some hypotheses:

Absence of a vocalic/diacritic mark: could the four cases indicate a possible inattention of Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L or, perhaps, intrinsic fidelity to the sources of the Ben Asher Masoretic tradition, which would have served as a model for the preparation of the manuscript, copying letter by letter, even though he was aware of the problem of copying mistakes? ⁷⁷ Sirat commenting on manuscripts and books that appeared during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, that despite all the errors and corrections in them, the texts were transmitted, read and understood, see Sirat 2002, 288.
Variation of vocalisation: the eight situations reveal an authentic idiosyncrasy (peculiarity) of the Codex M^L in relation to vocalisation, and other sources of Masorah differ. Some hypotheses could be the following: the various sources used by Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L or even some lapse or weariness in the course of his work?
Spelling variation: the four cases demonstrate some spelling variation in the Masoretic manuscripts. On this topic, there is a case of a codex agreeing with the spelling of the Codex M^L. Were these differences the result of the different sources used by Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L?
Variation of wording: the three situations indicate authentic textual variants found in some Masoretic manuscripts in relation to the Codex M^L, and some cases are cited in critical apparatuses of scholarly editions of the Hebrew Bible, such as the BHK, BHS, BHQ, and HUB. Variation is related to the change of word or number (singular and plural). Could such a redaction variation indicate, in the same way, the diversity of sources used by Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L?
Unusual vocalisation: the four occurrences show a point very similar to the dagesh diacritic. In three cases, the dot is actually a mere stain on the manuscript, with brown/ochre coloration, as well as a physical dimension normally distinct from the actual diacritics of the manuscript, which are black in color. In one situation, the dot is a dagesh signal inadvertently inserted by the secunda manus in the Codex M^L repainting procedure.
Unusual wording: the three cases of unusual addition of some vocalisation or diacritic signal could reflect the secunda manus in the process of repainting of the Codex M^L. So, it would be possible that in such a process the later scribe (the secunda manus) might have added some graphic signal inadvertently and carelessly.

In this study, five cases related to a supposed dagesh vocalic signal in the Codex M^L were discussed and explained, being misrepresented by one or another edition based on this manuscript of the Masorah, because it is a simple stain on the parchment, such as, for example, the lexical items אֲבִימֶּ֥לֶךְ (Heb. ‘Avimmélek’ [Abimelech]), הַנָּבִּיא (Heb. ‘the announcer’ [the prophet]) and כַּרְכֹּבּ (Heb. ‘the compass of’). Such an inaccurate representation of the aforementioned diacritic mark in some passages in the BHS, BHQ, and BHL editions is also commented on by Golinets. He explains that such an erroneous reading could be the result of the use of black-and-white photos of the Codex M^L, in which it is very difficult to make a definitive visual distinction between what is an authentic vocalisation signal and what is a mere stain, and it is necessary to use a magnifying glass and good light clarity to make a correct textual analysis ⁷⁸ Golinets 2013, 236, 237, 247, 248, 249, 256. .

This brief research shows that several cases could reflect the multiplicity of sources used by Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L ⁷⁹ Kelley, Mynatt, Crawford 1998, 19; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42; Fischer 2013, 41; Khan 2013, 10; Ofer 2019, 7; Dukan 2006, 247; Himbaza 2023, 105, 106; Francisco 2008, 315, 545. . Several occurrences, sometimes related to orthography, sometimes related to vocalisation or sometimes related to writing, could reveal the diversity of manuscripts known and used by Samuel ben Jacob in the preparation of the Codex M^L, such as אַשְׁכֲּנַז (Heb. ‘Ashkanaz’ [Ashkenaz]), חֲגָבָה (Heb. ‘Hagavá’ [Hagaba]) and יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]).

In the present text, some occurrences show obvious lapses by Samuel ben Jacob when he failed to insert vocalisation signals in some lexicographic units, such as, for example, אֱלוֹהַ (Heb. ‘God’), בִּשְׁלֹח (Heb. ‘in to send’) and יֵשׁוּע (Heb. ‘Ieshû‘’ [Jeshua]) ⁸⁰ Dotan 2001, xi; Schenker et al. 2004, x; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42; Fischer 2013, 41; Himbaza 2023, 122; Francisco 2008, 550. . Could such a situation indicate possible inattention on the part of the scribe or a possible haste to complete his work?⁸¹ The passage from Numbers 7:18-83 in the Codex M^L has no signs of vocalisation, but only signs of accentuation, see Zuckerman 2021, fols. 78v-79v; Freedman et al. 1998, 168-170. Himbaza, commenting on the aforementioned biblical passage, explains that the BHQ, moving away from the Codex M^L, will reproduce the biblical passage with complete vocalisation, based on other Masoretic manuscripts of the Tiberian tradition, such as codices M^B, M^L17, and M^S5. The lack of vocalisation in the Codex M^L in Numbers 7:18-83 will be noted in the critical apparatus of the BHQ, see Himbaza 2023, 135-136.

In the present study, some occurrences of mistakes caused by secunda manus in the repainting procedure in the Codex M^L were exposed and explained ⁸² Golinets 2013, 254-257. . As an example, the following three cases represent such a situation: מֻאוּם (Heb. ‘blemish’), נְאֻום־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’) and פְתֻוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’). This research demonstrates that repainting in the Codex M^L was not always as careful by the secunda manus as it should have been.

It can be seen that the Codex M^L has numerous obvious scribal mistakes throughout its text, as demonstrated and discussed in this study, a finding also confirmed by several scholars ⁸³ Kittel, Kahle 1929-1937, xxvii; Elliger and Rudolph 1967-1977, xii; Schenker et al. 2004, x; Dotan 2001, xi; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42; Fischer 2013, 41; Himbaza 2023, 122; Francisco 2008, 550. . Could one of the possible causes, perhaps not the only one, have been Samuel ben Jacob’s haste to complete the work in order to receive payment from Rabbi Mevorakh ben Yosef ha-Kohen, known as Ben Ozdad, the patron who commissioned the manuscript? Ofer comments that in the preparation of the Masoretic notes in the Codex M^L there would have been no possible verification of the annotations, in addition to not having been careful to avoid internal contradictions in the Masorah and, therefore, there are quite a few inaccurate notes in the codex⁸⁴ Ofer 2019, 40. .Would the same procedure of the copyist/Masorete have occurred in the same way in the writing of the consonantal text and in the vocalisation of the Codex M^L? Another possible cause of the mistakes in the manuscript was the scribe’s fatigue in his work?⁸⁵ Himbaza 2023, 123.

Some apparent Masoretic graphic signs, such as dagesh and mappîq, could merely be small specks of the codex scroll, as already pointed out by Golinets ⁸⁶ Golinets 2013, 248, 256. . But it is mainly possible to ascertain this assumption mainly by means of color images of the Masorah manuscript and not only by means of black-and-white facsimile editions. In addition, the finding that it is necessary to use high-resolution color photographs from the Codex M^L in order to examine details of misunderstandings more clearly is mentioned by Schenker et al.Schenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø].
in the introduction to the BHQ⁸⁷ Schenker et al. 2004, xix. . Golinets states that in certain situations of very difficult decipherment, the facsimile editions in color or in black-and-white of the Codex M^L are not always sufficient to solve them, and it is necessary to consult the manuscript itself. He says, moreover, that it would be almost impossible to distinguish typical parchment stains from vocalic signals using only black-and-white photos of the Codex M^L, which could lead to misreading and interpretation of the text by scholars and editors⁸⁸ Golinets 2013, 236, 238, 248, 257. .

Dotan comments in the preface to the BHL that in the Codex M^L one can see errors on the part of the scribe and slips of his pen. Dotan, as editor of the BHL, had to evaluate the readings of the manuscript for its edition. An account of the many difficulties in reading and interpreting several problematic words in the Codex M^L is provided on pages xi-xiii of the preface to the BHL, in which Dotan explains the textual complexity of the manuscript. He also informs that some hesitations and difficulties in relation to unsafe readings of the Codex M^L are collected in the “Manuscript Variants” list of his edition. An excerpt from the preface of the BHL may serve as an illustration concerning the general situation that Dotan had to deal with: “the most problematic decision is in those cases where a blurred reading in the manuscript gives an intrinsically possible text, even though it is unusual, and one does not know whether it is a fault in the manuscript and the intended reading is the usual one or if perhaps the scribe intended an unusual reading” ⁸⁹ Dotan 2001, xi-xiii. . Dotan records a total of 777 situations of textual variations in the “Manuscript Variants” list in the BHL in which their edition differs from the text of the Codex M^L⁹⁰ Dotan 2001, 1229-1237. . Revell reports that in the same list, Dotan expresses that the vocalisation is uncertain or deficient in around 475 words⁹¹ Revell 1998, xxxvii. . The complicated editorial situation experienced and reported by Dotan in the preparation of the BHL can be perceived, in some way, by the present study and also by the study of Golinets⁹² Golinets 2013, 233-263. .

Breuer, in his list, records a total of 637 readings that occur solely in the Codex M^L compared to the reading of other Masoretic sources used by him in his book The Biblical Text. However, most of them are mainly related to plene and defective spellings. In addition, some of the occurrences of editorial variation in the Codex M^L are also recorded by Breuer in his work, such as, for example, the cases חֲגָבָה (Heb. ‘Hagavá’ [Hagaba]), מִיכָה (Heb. ‘Miká’ [Micha]), יוֹזָבָד (Heb. ‘Iozavad’ [Jozabad]), among others, which were discussed in this study ⁹³ Breuer 2003, 1-388. . However, some textual variants typical of the Codex M^L are not mentioned in the Breuer’s work, such as the occurrences מֻאוּם (Heb. ‘blemish’), נְאֻום־ (Heb. ‘the utterance of’), and פְתֻוּחוֹת (Heb. ‘the ones that open’), that have been highlighted and explained in this research. The situations אֲבִימֶּ֥לֶךְ (Heb. ‘Avimmélek’ [Abimelech]), הַנָּבִּיא (Heb. ‘the announcer’ [the prophet]), טֹוּֽבּ׃ (Heb. ‘good’), and כַּרְכֹּבּ (Heb. ‘the compass of’), that would have a supposed signal dagesh, are ignored in the Breuer’s book. Possibly he would have considered that the hypothetical vocalic signal in such lexicographical items would be a mere stain on the parchment of the Codex M^L.

Revell, explaining details of the wording between the codices M^A and M^L, says that Samuel ben Jacob was slightly less alert in his adherence to adopting minutiae from the Tiberian tradition of writing the biblical text, in relation to what is perceived in the Codex M^A, which is shown to be more accurate, and even superior, in terms of the wording of the consonantal text ⁹⁴ Revell 1998, xxxiv-xxxv. . He asserts, moreover, that the Codex M^L is idiosyncratic in a few highlights, showing generally less accuracy than can be ascertained in the Codex M^A, but the extent of such idiosyncrasy is insignificant in general terms⁹⁵ Revell 1998, xliii. .

Notes

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¹	Lebedev 1998, xxi-xxiiLebedev, Victor V. 1998. “The Oldest Complete Codex of the Hebrew Bible.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. ; Beit-Arié, Sirat and Glatzer 1997, 114Beit-Arié, Malachi, Colette Sirat, and Mordechai Glatzer. 1997. Codices hebraicis litteris exarati quo tempore scripti fuerint exhibentes, tome I: Jusqu´à 1020 (in Hebrew and French). Monumenta Palaeographica Medii Aevi, Series hebraica, vol. I. Turnhout: Brepols. ; Sirat 2002, 140Sirat, Colette. 2002. Hebrew Manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Cambridge / New York / Melbourne / Madrid / Cape Town / Singapore / São Paulo / Delhi: Cambridge University Press. ; Dukan 2006, 247Dukan, Michèle. 2006. La Bible hébraïque. Les codices copiés en Orient et dans la zone séfarade avant 1280. Bibliologia, Elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia 22. Turnhout: Brepols. ; Khan 2013, 10Khan, Geoffrey. 2013. A Short Introduction to the Tiberian Masoretic Bible and its Reading Tradition (2^nd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ; Ofer 2019, 7Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. ; Martín Contreras and Seijas de los Ríos-Zarzosa 2010, 80Martín Contreras, Elvira, and Guadalupe Seijas de los Ríos-Zarzosa. 2010. Masora: La Transmisión de la Tradición de la Biblia Hebrea. Instrumentos para el estudio de la Biblia XX. Estella [Navarra]: Verbo Divino. ; Himbaza 2023, 103-104Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. ; Francisco 2008, 315, 545, 547Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
²	Brown, Driver and Briggs 1906Brown, Francis, Samuel R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, eds. 1906. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. ; Koehler and Baumgartner 1994-2000Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, eds. 1994-2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 5 vols. Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill. ; Clines 1993-2011Clines, David J. A., ed. 1993-2011. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, 8 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. ; Clines 2009Clines, David J. A., ed. 2009. The Concise Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. .
³	Koehler and Baumgartner 1994-2000, xiv, xvi, xxiKoehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, eds. 1994-2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 5 vols. Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill. ; Clines 1993-2011, 90Clines, David J. A., ed. 1993-2011. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, 8 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. ; Clines 2009, xiiClines, David J. A., ed. 2009. The Concise Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press. .
⁴	Brown, Driver and Briggs 1906, xvi, xxBrown, Francis, Samuel R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, eds. 1906. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company. .
⁵	Würthwein 1995, 40, 41, 114Würthwein, Ernst. 1995. The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (2^nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 45Würthwein, Ernst. 2014. Alexander A. Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (3^rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ; Fischer 2013, 44Fischer, Alexander A. 2013. O Texto do Antigo Testamento ― Edição Reformulada da Introdução à Bíblia Hebraica de Ernst Würthwein. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil. ; Tov 2012, 38-39Tov, Emanuel. 2012. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3^rd ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ; 2017, 40-41Tov, Emanuel. 2017. Crítica Textual da Bíblia Hebraica. Niterói: BV Books. ; 2022, 60-61Tov, Emanuel. 2022. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (4^th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ; Brotzman and Tully 2016, 59Brotzman, Ellis R., and Eric J. Tully. 2016. Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction (2^nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Academic. ; 2021, 87Brotzman, Ellis R., and Eric J. Tully. 2021. Crítica Textual do Antigo Testamento: Uma Introdução Prática. São Paulo: Vida Nova. ; Francisco 2008, 351Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
⁶	Yeivin 1980, 13Yeivin, Israel. 1980. Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. Masoretic Studies 5. Missoula: Scholars Press. ; 2003, 10Yeivin, Israel. 2003. The Biblical Masora (in Hebrew). Studies in Language 3. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language. ; Francisco 2008, 280Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
⁷	Tov 2015Tov, Emanuel. 2015. “Hebrew Lexicography and Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible in Light of Gesenius’ Dictionary.” In Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays, Volume 3, edited by Emanuel Tov. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 167. Leiden / Boston: Brill. , 2022Tov, Emanuel. 2022. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (4^th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press. .
⁸	Dotan 2001, 1229-1237Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁹	Dotan 2001, 1229Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
¹⁰	Breuer 2003Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
¹¹	Breuer 2003Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. , ט-י. See further Ofer 2002, 54Ofer, Yosef. 2002. “The Jerusalem Crown and Its Editorial Principles.” In Jerusalem Crown ― The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem ― Companion Volume, edited by Mordechai Glatzer. Jerusalem-Basel: N. Ben Zvi Enterprises-The Karger Family Fund. ; 2019, 37-38Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. .
¹²	Tov 2015, 190, 196, 202-204Tov, Emanuel. 2015. “Hebrew Lexicography and Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible in Light of Gesenius’ Dictionary.” In Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays, Volume 3, edited by Emanuel Tov. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 167. Leiden / Boston: Brill. .
¹³	Kittel and Kahle 1929-1937, xl-xliKittel, Rudolf, and Paul E. Kahle, eds. 1929-1937. Biblia Hebraica. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt. ; Elliger and Rudolph 1967-1977, xlvii, xlixElliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. 1967-1977. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ; Schenker et al. 2004, lxxviiiSchenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø]. ; Goshen-Gottstein 1995, xlvii-xlviiiGoshen-Gottstein, Moshe H., ed. 1995. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Isaiah. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. ; Rabin, Talmon and Tov 1997, xxxv-xxxviRabin, Chaim, Shemaryahu Talmon, and Emanuel Tov, eds. 1997. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Jeremiah. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. ; Goshen-Gottstein and Talmon 2004, xliiGoshen-Gottstein, Moshe H. And Shemaryahu Talmon, eds. 2004. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Ezekiel. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. .
¹⁴	Zuckerman 2021Zuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. (https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up); Freedman et al. 1998Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
¹⁵	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 380Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
¹⁶	Dotan 2001, 1232Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
¹⁷	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 118vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 248Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
¹⁸	Dotan 2001, 1231Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
¹⁹	Dotan 2001, 1232Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
²⁰	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 227vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 466Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
²¹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 927Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
²²	Dotan 2001, 1237Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
²³	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 148vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 308Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
²⁴	Dotan 2001, 1231Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
²⁵	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 99vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 210Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
²⁶	Dotan 2001, 1231Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
²⁷	In the Tal-Florentin scholarly edition of the Samaritan Pentateuch, the reading is as follows: אל תצור (Sam. Heb. ‘distress not [?] /to distress [?]’), see Tal and Florentin 2010Tal, Abraham, and Moshe Florentin, eds. 2010. The Pentateuch: The Samaritan Version and the Masoretic Version, Edited and Annotated. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. . From the reproduction of the expression, it is not possible to know whether it is the separable preposition אֶל־ (Heb. ‘to’) or if it is the adverb of negation אַל־ (Heb. ‘not’) and this problem of textual nature in the Samaritan biblical text is really inconclusive.
²⁸	Zuckerman 2021 fol. 5vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 22Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
²⁹	Even-Shoshan 1997, 126Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed. 1997. A New Concordance of the Old Testament: Using the Hebrew and Aramaic Text (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker. .
³⁰	Yeivin 1980, 283Yeivin, Israel. 1980. Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. Masoretic Studies 5. Missoula: Scholars Press. ; 2003, 237Yeivin, Israel. 2003. The Biblical Masora (in Hebrew). Studies in Language 3. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language. .
³¹	Dotan 2001, Appendix A: “Manuscript Variants”, p. 1232Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
³²	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 184vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 380Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
³³	Metathesis (Gr. μετάθεσις, transposition): a phenomenon that consists of changing the place of certain phonemes, syllables or letters in a word, see Dubois et al. 2001, 412Dubois, Jean et al., eds. 2001. Dicionário de Linguística (8^th ed.). São Paulo: Cultrix. ; Houaiss and Villar 2009, 1282-1283Houaiss, Antônio, and Mauro S. Villar, eds. 2009. Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva. .
³⁴	Dotan 2001, 1231Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
³⁵	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 146rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 303Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
³⁶	Dotan 2001, 1231Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
³⁷	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 127rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 265Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
³⁸	Dotan 2001, 1236Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
³⁹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 407vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 826Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁴⁰	Dotan 2001, 1230Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁴¹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 85vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 182Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁴²	Breuer 2003, 151Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁴³	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 235rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 481Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁴⁴	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 283vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 578Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁴⁵	Goshen-Gottstein 1976, שלטGoshen-Gottstein, Moshe H., ed. 1976. The Aleppo Codex: Provided with Massoretic Notes and Pointed by Aaron ben Asher ― The Codex Considered Authoritative by Maimonides. Part One: Plates. Hebrew University Bible Project. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. .
⁴⁶	Dotan 2001, 1233Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁴⁷	Breuer 2003, 206Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁴⁸	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 458rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 927Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁴⁹	Breuer 2003, 351Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁵⁰	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 461rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 933Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁵¹	Breuer 2003, 354Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁵²	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 379rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 769Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁵³	Breuer 2003, 257Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁵⁴	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 210vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 432Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁵⁵	Even-Shoshan 1997, 451Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed. 1997. A New Concordance of the Old Testament: Using the Hebrew and Aramaic Text (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker. .
⁵⁶	Breuer 2003, 127Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁵⁷	Revell 1998, xxxiiiRevell, Ernest J. 1998. “The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁵⁸	Breuer 2003, 374Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁵⁹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 348rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 707Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁶⁰	Dotan 2001, 1229Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁶¹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 15rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 41Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁶²	Golinets 2013, 248, 250Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. ; Himbaza 2023, 173Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. .
⁶³	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 185rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 381Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁶⁴	Dotan 2001, 1232Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁶⁵	Dotan 2001, 1235Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁶⁶	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 418rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 847Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁶⁷	Dotan 2001, 1230Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁶⁸	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 47vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 106Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁶⁹	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 437vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 886Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁷⁰	Dotan 2001, 1236Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁷¹	In the BHS the reproduction of the word is exactly the same as in the BHK, but moving away from the Codex M^L: the ketîv is מֻאום (Heb. ‘blemish’) and the qerê is מום (Heb. ‘blemish’).
⁷²	Schenker et al. 2004, xixSchenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø]. .
⁷³	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 250rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 511Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁷⁴	Dotan 2001, 1233Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁷⁵	Dotan 2001, 1237Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁷⁶	Zuckerman 2021, fol. 454rZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 919Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁷⁷	Sirat commenting on manuscripts and books that appeared during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, that despite all the errors and corrections in them, the texts were transmitted, read and understood, see Sirat 2002, 288Sirat, Colette. 2002. Hebrew Manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Cambridge / New York / Melbourne / Madrid / Cape Town / Singapore / São Paulo / Delhi: Cambridge University Press. .
⁷⁸	Golinets 2013, 236, 237, 247, 248, 249, 256Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. .
⁷⁹	Kelley, Mynatt, Crawford 1998, 19Kelley, Page H., Daniel S. Mynatt, and Timothy G. Crawford. 1998. The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Introduction and Annotated Glossary. Grand Rapids / Cambridge: Eerdmans. ; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42Würthwein, Ernst. 2014. Alexander A. Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (3^rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ; Fischer 2013, 41Fischer, Alexander A. 2013. O Texto do Antigo Testamento ― Edição Reformulada da Introdução à Bíblia Hebraica de Ernst Würthwein. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil. ; Khan 2013, 10Khan, Geoffrey. 2013. A Short Introduction to the Tiberian Masoretic Bible and its Reading Tradition (2^nd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. ; Ofer 2019, 7Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. ; Dukan 2006, 247Dukan, Michèle. 2006. La Bible hébraïque. Les codices copiés en Orient et dans la zone séfarade avant 1280. Bibliologia, Elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia 22. Turnhout: Brepols. ; Himbaza 2023, 105, 106Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. ; Francisco 2008, 315, 545Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
⁸⁰	Dotan 2001, xiDotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. ; Schenker et al. 2004, xSchenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø]. ; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42Würthwein, Ernst. 2014. Alexander A. Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (3^rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ; Fischer 2013, 41Fischer, Alexander A. 2013. O Texto do Antigo Testamento ― Edição Reformulada da Introdução à Bíblia Hebraica de Ernst Würthwein. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil. ; Himbaza 2023, 122Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. ; Francisco 2008, 550Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
⁸¹	The passage from Numbers 7:18-83 in the Codex M^L has no signs of vocalisation, but only signs of accentuation, see Zuckerman 2021, fols. 78v-79vZuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up. ; Freedman et al. 1998, 168-170Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. . Himbaza, commenting on the aforementioned biblical passage, explains that the BHQ, moving away from the Codex M^L, will reproduce the biblical passage with complete vocalisation, based on other Masoretic manuscripts of the Tiberian tradition, such as codices M^B, M^L17, and M^S5. The lack of vocalisation in the Codex M^L in Numbers 7:18-83 will be noted in the critical apparatus of the BHQ, see Himbaza 2023, 135-136Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. .
⁸²	Golinets 2013, 254-257Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. .
⁸³	Kittel, Kahle 1929-1937, xxviiKittel, Rudolf, and Paul E. Kahle, eds. 1929-1937. Biblia Hebraica. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt. ; Elliger and Rudolph 1967-1977, xiiElliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. 1967-1977. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. ; Schenker et al. 2004, xSchenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø]. ; Dotan 2001, xiDotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. ; Würthwein and Fischer 2014, 42Würthwein, Ernst. 2014. Alexander A. Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (3^rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. ; Fischer 2013, 41Fischer, Alexander A. 2013. O Texto do Antigo Testamento ― Edição Reformulada da Introdução à Bíblia Hebraica de Ernst Würthwein. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil. ; Himbaza 2023, 122Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. ; Francisco 2008, 550Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3^rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova. .
⁸⁴	Ofer 2019, 40Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. .
⁸⁵	Himbaza 2023, 123Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides. .
⁸⁶	Golinets 2013, 248, 256Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. .
⁸⁷	Schenker et al. 2004, xixSchenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø]. .
⁸⁸	Golinets 2013, 236, 238, 248, 257Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. .
⁸⁹	Dotan 2001, xi-xiiiDotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁹⁰	Dotan 2001, 1229-1237Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson. .
⁹¹	Revell 1998, xxxviiRevell, Ernest J. 1998. “The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁹²	Golinets 2013, 233-263Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263. .
⁹³	Breuer 2003, 1-388Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora. .
⁹⁴	Revell 1998, xxxiv-xxxvRevell, Ernest J. 1998. “The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁹⁵	Revell 1998, xliiiRevell, Ernest J. 1998. “The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill. .
⁹⁶	Ofer 2019, 34-35Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter. .

Textual Variants between the Leningrad Codex B19a and Other Masoretic Sources in the Léxico do Antigo Testamento Interlinear Hebraico-Português. New Insights in the Hebrew Lexicography

Variantes textuales entre el Códice de Leningrado B19a y otras fuentes masoréticas en el Léxico do Antigo Testamento Interlinear Hebraico-Português. Nuevas perspectivas en la lexicografía hebrea

Introduction

Textual variants in dictionaries/lexicons of Biblical Hebrew

Textual variants in scholarly editions of the Hebrew Bible

The textual variation lists of Dotan and Breuer

The abbreviation txtM^L in the LéxATI

Textual variants of the codex M^L in the LéxATI

1. Absence of vowel/diacritic signal

2. Vocalisation variation

3. Spelling variation

4. Wording variation

5. Unusual vocalisation

6. Unusual wording

General characteristics of textual variants

Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Authorship contribution statement

Notes

Bibliography

Introduction

Textual variants in dictionaries/lexicons of Biblical Hebrew

Textual variants in scholarly editions of the Hebrew Bible

The textual variation lists of Dotan and Breuer

The abbreviation txtML in the LéxATI

Textual variants of the codex ML in the LéxATI

1. Absence of vowel/diacritic signal

2. Vocalisation variation

3. Spelling variation

4. Wording variation

5. Unusual vocalisation

6. Unusual wording

General characteristics of textual variants

Conclusion

Declaration of competing interest

Authorship contribution statement

Notes

Bibliography

The abbreviation txtM^L in the LéxATI

Textual variants of the codex M^L in the LéxATI