The Establishment of the Free Church of Scotland’s Mission to the Conversion of the Constantinople Jews in the 19th Century

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.022-004

Keywords:

Protestant missionaries, Ottoman Empire, Sephardic Jews, Alexander Thomson, proselytism

Abstract


Recent studies and dissertations have explored the history of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission (ABCFM) in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century. However, research on the religious missionary work of Scottish Protestant missionaries in the Ottoman lands is still lacking. This article describes the history of the Free Church of Scotland’s Mission in Constantinople after the famous Kirk Disruption of 1843 with the Established Church of Scotland. This investigation presents both the origin of the main two stations, located in Galata and Hasköy, devoted to the conversion of Constantinople Jews, mainly Sephardim, as well as the missionaries’ strategies for proselytization and the results of their work. Finally, this study will present the results of the mission in terms of possible conversions and their outreach in the Jewish community.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Barth, Christian Gottlob (1842): A Brief History of the Church of Christ, from the German (3rd ed. London: The Religious Tract society).

Başaran, Betül (1997): Reinterpreting American Missionary Presence in the Ottoman Empire: American Schools and the Evolution of Ottoman Educational Policies (1820-1908) (Bilkent University, master thesis).

Benbassa, Esther (1993): "Education for Jewish Girls in the East: A Portrait of the Galata School in Istanbul, 1879-1912," Studies in Contemporary Jewry 9, pp. 163-173.

Bornstein-Makovetsky, Leah (2002): "Jewish Converts to Islam and Christianity in the Ottoman Empire in the Nineteenth Century" in Minna Rozen (ed.) The last Ottoman Century and Beyond: The Jews in Turkey and the Balkans 1808-1945 (Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University) pp. 83-127.

Bornstein-Makovetsky, Leah (2019): "Jewish Conversion to Protestantism in the Ottoman Empire in the Communities of Istanbul and Izmir until 1856," Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica 5, pp. 7-36. https://doi.org/10.15290/mhi.2019.18.02.01

Bornstein-Makovetsky, Leah (2019): Protestant Missionaries to the Jewish Communities of Istanbul, Salonika and Izmir, 1820-1914 (Istanbul: Libra).

Breitenbach, Esther (2005): Empire, Religion and National Identity: Scottish Christian Imperialism in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries (Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh).

Catalano, Roberto (2014): "Missionary Societies in the Evangelical Churches: Origins and Characteristics," Annales Missiologici Posnanienses 19:5, pp. 107-135. https://doi.org/10.14746/amp.2014.19.5

Dennis, James Sephard (1902): Centennial Survey of Foreign Missions. A Statistical Supplement to "Christian Missions and Social Progress," Being a Conspectus of the Achievements and Results of Evangelical Missions in All Lands at the Close of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Fleming Hewitt Revell Company).

Doǧan, Mehmet Ali (2009): "Missionary Schools," in Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, eds. Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters (New York: Facts on File) pp. 385-388.

García Moreno, Aitor (2013): "¿Ante el primer diccionario monolingüe judeoespañol?," Sefarad 73:2, pp. 371-408. https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.010.012

García Moreno, Aitor (2018): "Poemas castellanos en textos sefardíes: ejemplos en La escalera a la anṿeźadura (Constantinopla 1853 y 1888)," Sefarad 78:1, pp. 149-200. https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.018.005

García Moreno, Aitor (2019): "Los vocabularios de La escalera (Constantinopla, 1888)," Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos 68, pp. 73-97. https://doi.org/10.30827/meahhebreo.v68i0.1008

Levy, Avigdor (1994): "Millet Politics: The Appointment of a Chief Rabbi in 1835," in The Jews of the Ottoman Empire, ed. Avigdor Levy (Princeton-New Jersey: The Darwin Press) pp. 425-438.

Lillie, John (1846): The Jewish Chronicle, Published under the Direction of the American Society, for Meliorating the Condition of the Jews; and Edited by John Lillie (New York: Society's Office).

Marten, Michael (2006): "Communicating Home: Scottish Missionary Publications in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries," in Martin Tamcke and Michael Marten (eds.) Christian Witness between Continuity and New Beginnings: Modern Historical Missions in the Middle East (Hamburg: Lit verlag) pp. 81-98.

Martín González, Daniel (2019): "Hidden vs. Overt Protestant Propaganda in an Educational Book in Judeo-Spanish: Alexander Thomson's Silaƀario," Caderno de Estudos Sefarditas 21, pp. 29-47.

Martín González, Daniel (2020): "Convergencias y divergencias lingüísticas con el judeoespañol castizo de un traductor nativo de inglés. El caso del Ele Toledot Bené Yisrael (Constantinopla, 1854 y 1886) del rev. Alexander Thomson," Sefarad 80, pp. 173-202. https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.020-006

Martín González, Daniel (2021): "An Ethnolinguistic Study of Sephardic Jews and their Language in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th Century in the Eyes of Scottish Protestant Missionaries" Darom 3, pp. 55-79.

Masters, Bruce (2009): "American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions," in Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Facts on File) p. 39.

Masters, Bruce (2009): "Jews," in Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Facts on File) pp. 300-303.

Masters, Bruce (2009): "Missionaries," in Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters (eds.) Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire (New York: Facts on File) pp. 384-385.

McCulloch, John Murray (1837): A Third Reading Book, for the Use of Schools; Containing Simple Pieces in Prose and Verse, with Exercises on the More Difficult Words and Sounds Occuring in them (Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd-London: Simpkin, Marshall, & co).

Murre-van den Berg, Heleen (2000): "Why Protestant Churches? The American Board and the Eastern Churches: Mission among 'Nominal' Christians (1820-1870)," in Pieter Nanne Holtrop and Hugh McLeod (eds.) Missions and Missionaries (Woodbridge: Boydell) pp. 98-111. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143045900002805

Murre-van den Berg, Heleen (2005): "Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Middle Eastern Women: An Overview," in Inger Marie Okkenkau and Ingvild Flaskerud (eds.) Gender, Religion and Change in the Middle East (Oxford-New York: Berg) pp. 103-122.

Park, Edwards Amasa (ed.) (1887): Autobiography of William. G. Schauffler, for Forty-Nine Years a Missionary in the Orient (New York: Anson Davies Fitz Randolph & Company).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Edinburgh, May 1854 (Edinburgh: John Greig & Son-London: James Nisbet and co., 1854).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Edinburgh, May 1856 (Edinburgh: John Greig & Son-London: James Nisbet and co. 1856).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, October 17, 1843 (Glasgow: William Collins, 1843).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, May 1852. (Edinburgh: John Greig & Son-Glasgow: Glass and Duncan-London: James Nisbet and co, 1852).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, May 1853. (Edinburgh: John Greig & Son - Glasgow: Glass and Duncan-London: James Nisbet and co, 1853).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, May 1855. (Edinburgh: John Greig & Son-Glasgow: Glass and Duncan-London: James Nisbet and co, 1855).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, May 1860, (Edinburgh: James Nichol, 1860).

Proceedings of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, Held at Glasgow, May 1877, (Edinburgh: Ballantyne, Hanson & co-London: James Nisbet and co, 1877).

Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Thirty-Seventh Annual Meeting, 1846 (Boston: Theophilus Rogers Marvin, 1846).

Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Thirty-Ninth Annual Meeting, 1848 (Boston: Theophilus Rogers Marvin, 1848).

Report of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Forty-Fifth Annual Meeting, 1854 (Boston: Theophilus Rogers Marvin, 1854).

Richter, Julius (1910): A History of Protestant Missions in the Near East (Edinburgh-London: Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier).

Rodrigue, Aron (1990): French Jews, Turkish Jews: The Alliance Israélite Universelle and the Politics of Jewish Schooling in Turkey 1860-1925 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press).

Rodrigue, Aron (1994): "The Beginnings of Westernization and Community Reform among Istanbul's Jewry, 1854-65," in The Jews of the Ottoman Empire (Princeton: The Darwin Press) pp. 439-456.

Ross, John (2003): "An Introduction to Two Thousand Years of Jewish Evangelism," Haddington House Journal 5, pp. 53-65.

Royer, Chris (2018): "Anglicanism in Smyrna (1815-1923)," Global Missiology English 2:15, pp. 1-15.

Şahin, Emrah (2004): Errand into the East: A History of Evangelical American Protestant Missionaries and their Missions to Ottoman Istanbul during the Nineteenth Century (Bilkent University, Master thesis).

Sherwood, James Manning and Arthur Tappan Pierson (1888): The Missionary Review of the World. January to December, 1888 (New York-London: Funk & Wagnalls).

Sisman, Cengiz (2010): "Christian Missionary Schools in the Ottoman Empire," in Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, ed. Norman Arthur Stillman (Leiden: Brill) pp. 609-610.

Sisman, Cengiz (2015): "Failed Proselytizers or Modernizers? Protestant Missionaries among the Jews and Sabbateans/Dönmes in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire," Middle Eastern Studies 51:6, pp. 932-949. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2015.1044526

The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record (Edinburgh-London: Nelson & sons, 1863).

The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record (Edinburgh-London: Nelson & sons, 1864).

The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record (Edinburgh-London: Nelson & sons, 1866).

The Free Church of Scotland Monthly Record (Edinburgh-London: Nelson & sons, 1895).

The Herald of the Churches 1846 (Edinburgh: John Johnston-London: Richard Groombridge and sons, 1846).

The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Free Church of Scotland, for 1871 (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1871).

The Home and Foreign Missionary Record of the Free Church of Scotland, for 1867 (Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson, 1867).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1852-July 1853 (Vol. III. Old Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1853).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1853-July 1854 (Vol. IV. Old Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1854).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1854-July 1855 (Vol. V. Old Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1855).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1856-July 1857 (Vol. I. New Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1857).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1857-July 1858 (Vol. II. New Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1858).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1858-July 1859 (Vol. III. New Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1859).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1859-July 1860 (Vol. IV. New Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol-London: James Nisbet, 1860).

The Home and Foreign Record of the Free Church of Scotland, August 1860-July 1861 (Vol. V. New Series) (Edinburgh: James Nichol - London: James Nisbet, 1861).

The Missionary Herald: Containing the Proceedings at Large of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, with a View of Other Benevolent Operations, for the Year 1845 (Boston: Theophilus Rogers Marvin, 1845).

The Missionary Herald: Containing the Proceedings at Large of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, with a View of Other Benevolent Operations, for the Year 1851 (Boston: Theophilus Rogers Marvin, 1851).

Thompson, Albert Edward (1902): A Century of Jewish Missions (Chicago: Fleming Hewitt Revell Company).

Van der Leest, Charlotte (2008): Conversion and Conflict in Palestine. The Missions of the Church Missionary Society and the Protestant Bishop Samuel Gobat (Leiden University, Doctoral Thesis).

Walker, Norman Lockhart (1895): Chapter from the History of the Free Church of Scotland (Edinburgh-London: Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier).

Downloads

Published

2022-07-06

How to Cite

Martín González, D. . (2022). The Establishment of the Free Church of Scotland’s Mission to the Conversion of the Constantinople Jews in the 19th Century. Sefarad, 82(1), 97–128. https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.022-004

Issue

Section

Studies