Textual Variants between the Leningrad Codex B19a and Other Masoretic Sources in the Léxico do Antigo Testamento Interlinear Hebraico-Português. New Insights in the Hebrew Lexicography
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/sefarad.024.1225Keywords:
Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew lexicography, Hebrew Bible, Leningrad Codex B19a, MasorahAbstract
This article refers to the lexemes of the Léxico do Antigo Testamento Interlinear Hebraico-Português (Engl. Lexicon of the Interlinear Old Testament Hebrew-Portuguese) (LéxATI) (Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil, 2024), by this author, related to textual variants between the Leningrad Codex B19a (ML) and other Masoretic sources, such as the Aleppo (MA), Oriental 4445 (MB), Cairo of the Prophets (MC), Madrid No. 1 (MM1), Sassoon 507 (MS), Sassoon 1053 (MS1) codices, among other manuscripts, and the Second Rabbinic Bible (BibRab2), the main representatives of the Masoretic Text of the Tiberian tradition. In this article, several situations of textual variants between the Codex ML and other Masoretic sources are shown, and the possible reasons for the existence of such textual differences are discussed. In certain situations, the variations show idiosyncrasies of the Codex ML in relation to the other sources of the Masorah, revealing how the process of production of the aforementioned medieval manuscript of the Hebrew Bible would have been. In some instances, supposed textual variants may reveal that some diacritics would actually just be smudges in the parchment of the Codex ML, which could have led to confusion of reading and interpretation.
Downloads
References
Beit-Arié, Malachi, Colette Sirat, and Mordechai Glatzer. 1997. Codices hebraicis litteris exarati quo tempore scripti fuerint exhibentes, tome I: Jusqu´à 1020 (in Hebrew and French). Monumenta Palaeographica Medii Aevi, Series hebraica, vol. I. Turnhout: Brepols.
Breuer, Mordechai. 2003. The Biblical Text in the Jerusalem Crown Edition and its Sources in the Masora and Manuscripts (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Keren Ha-Masora.
Brotzman, Ellis R., and Eric J. Tully. 2016. Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker Academic.
Brotzman, Ellis R., and Eric J. Tully. 2021. Crítica Textual do Antigo Testamento: Uma Introdução Prática. São Paulo: Vida Nova.
Brown, Francis, Samuel R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, eds. 1906. The Brown-Driver-Briggs Hebrew and English Lexicon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin and Company.
Clines, David J. A., ed. 1993-2011. The Dictionary of Classical Hebrew, 8 vols. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
Clines, David J. A., ed. 2009. The Concise Dictionary of Classical Hebrew. Sheffield: Sheffield Phoenix Press.
Dotan, Aron, ed. 2001. Biblia Hebraica Leningradensia: Prepared according to the Vocalization, Accents, and Masora of Aaron ben Moses ben Asher in the Leningrad Codex. Peabody: Hendrickson.
Dubois, Jean et al., eds. 2001. Dicionário de Linguística (8th ed.). São Paulo: Cultrix.
Dukan, Michèle. 2006. La Bible hébraïque. Les codices copiés en Orient et dans la zone séfarade avant 1280. Bibliologia, Elementa ad librorum studia pertinentia 22. Turnhout: Brepols.
Elliger, Karl, and Wilhelm Rudolph, eds. 1967-1977. Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.
Even-Shoshan, Abraham, ed. 1997. A New Concordance of the Old Testament: Using the Hebrew and Aramaic Text (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Baker.
Fischer, Alexander A. 2013. O Texto do Antigo Testamento ― Edição Reformulada da Introdução à Bíblia Hebraica de Ernst Würthwein. Barueri: Sociedade Bíblica do Brasil.
Francisco, Edson de F. 2008. Manual da Bíblia Hebraica: Introdução ao Texto Massorético ― Guia Introdutório para a Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (3rd ed.). São Paulo: Vida Nova.
Freedman, David N., Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders, eds. 1998. The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
Golinets, Viktor. 2013. “Dageš, Mappiq, Specks on Vellum, and Editing of the Codex Leningradensis.” Kleine Untersuchungen zur Sprache des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt 15: 233-263.
Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe H., ed. 1976. The Aleppo Codex: Provided with Massoretic Notes and Pointed by Aaron ben Asher ― The Codex Considered Authoritative by Maimonides. Part One: Plates. Hebrew University Bible Project. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe H., ed. 1995. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Isaiah. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe H. And Shemaryahu Talmon, eds. 2004. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Ezekiel. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Houaiss, Antônio, and Mauro S. Villar, eds. 2009. Dicionário Houaiss da Língua Portuguesa. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva.
Himbaza, Innocent. 2023. Manuel de la Bible hébraïque: Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (BHS), Biblia Hebraica Quinta (BHQ). Le Monde de la Bible 78. Genève: Labor et Fides.
Kelley, Page H., Daniel S. Mynatt, and Timothy G. Crawford. 1998. The Masorah of Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia: Introduction and Annotated Glossary. Grand Rapids / Cambridge: Eerdmans.
Khan, Geoffrey. 2013. A Short Introduction to the Tiberian Masoretic Bible and its Reading Tradition (2nd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
Kittel, Rudolf, and Paul E. Kahle, eds. 1929-1937. Biblia Hebraica. Stuttgart: Württembergische Bibelanstalt.
Koehler, Ludwig, and Walter Baumgartner, eds. 1994-2000. The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament, 5 vols. Leiden / Boston / Köln: Brill.
Lebedev, Victor V. 1998. “The Oldest Complete Codex of the Hebrew Bible.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
Martín Contreras, Elvira, and Guadalupe Seijas de los Ríos-Zarzosa. 2010. Masora: La Transmisión de la Tradición de la Biblia Hebrea. Instrumentos para el estudio de la Biblia XX. Estella [Navarra]: Verbo Divino.
Ofer, Yosef. 2002. “The Jerusalem Crown and Its Editorial Principles.” In Jerusalem Crown ― The Bible of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem ― Companion Volume, edited by Mordechai Glatzer. Jerusalem-Basel: N. Ben Zvi Enterprises-The Karger Family Fund.
Ofer, Yosef. 2019. The Masora on Scriptures and Its Methods. Fontes et Subsidia ad Bibliam pertinentes 7. Berlin / Boston: De Gruyter.
Rabin, Chaim, Shemaryahu Talmon, and Emanuel Tov, eds. 1997. The Hebrew University Bible: The Book of Jeremiah. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
Revell, Ernest J. 1998. “The Leningrad Codex as a Representative of the Masoretic Text.” In The Leningrad Codex: A Facsimile Edition, edited by David N. Freedman, Astrid B. Beck, and James A. Sanders. Grand Rapids / Cambridge / Leiden / New York / Köln: Eerdmans / Brill.
Schenker, Adrian, A. VanDerKoij, G. Norton, Jan de Waard, M. Saebo, P. B. Dirksen, R. Schäfer, Y. A. P. Goldman, and Y. Goodman, eds. 2004. Biblia Hebraica Quinta. Fascicle 18: Megilloth. Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft. [Fascicle prepared by J. de Waard, P. B. Dirksen, Y. A. P. Goldman, R. Schäfer and M. Sæbø].
Sirat, Colette. 2002. Hebrew Manuscripts of the Middle Ages. Cambridge / New York / Melbourne / Madrid / Cape Town / Singapore / São Paulo / Delhi: Cambridge University Press.
Tal, Abraham, and Moshe Florentin, eds. 2010. The Pentateuch: The Samaritan Version and the Masoretic Version, Edited and Annotated. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.
Tov, Emanuel. 2012. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (3rd ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Tov, Emanuel. 2015. “Hebrew Lexicography and Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible in Light of Gesenius’ Dictionary.” In Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, Qumran, Septuagint: Collected Essays, Volume 3, edited by Emanuel Tov. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum 167. Leiden / Boston: Brill.
Tov, Emanuel. 2017. Crítica Textual da Bíblia Hebraica. Niterói: BV Books.
Tov, Emanuel. 2022. Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible (4th ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Würthwein, Ernst. 1995. The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (2nd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Würthwein, Ernst. 2014. Alexander A. Fischer, The Text of the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Biblia Hebraica (3rd ed.). Grand Rapids: Eerdmans.
Yeivin, Israel. 1980. Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah. Masoretic Studies 5. Missoula: Scholars Press.
Yeivin, Israel. 2003. The Biblical Masora (in Hebrew). Studies in Language 3. Jerusalem: The Academy of the Hebrew Language.
Zuckerman, Bruce E., ed. 2021. Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images. Internet Archive. https://archive.org/details/Leningrad_Codex_Color_Images/mode/2up.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the printed and online versions of this Journal are the property of Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a “Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International” (CC BY 4.0) License. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the license. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 License must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the published by the Editor, is not allowed.
